Philadelphia's M?tter Museum has a lot of heart, and other organs too. Items in this collection of medical specimens include a gangrenous hand, a wallet made of human flesh, and a colon the size of a medium suitcase. And that's just the stuff on display, imagine what's in the basement.
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Modern cancer therapies start in cells ? researchers compare cancer samples to healthy cells to discover how cancer is genetically different, and use cell lines to test promising new drugs. However, a University of Colorado Cancer Center study published this week in the journal Gynecologic Oncology shows that due to a high rate of contamination, misidentification and redundancy in widely available cell lines, researchers may be drawing faulty conclusions.
"I've seen faculty and graduate students leave my lab in tears when we discovered the cells on the label weren't the cells they were actually experimenting on," says Christopher Korch, PhD, investigator at the CU Cancer Center and director of the center's DNA Sequencing and Analysis Service, the paper's co-first author. "When you get a cell line, you have to look that gift horse in the mouth ? there's up to a 40 percent chance it's a Trojan horse, not what it says it is."
For example, the cell line known as HES has been widely used as a "normal" model of endometrial cells since its development in 1989. There are literally hundreds of papers that, for example, look for differences between endometrial cancer cells and these supposedly normal HES endometrial cells. Unfortunately, HES is not, in fact, an endometrial cell line. It's another cell line known as HeLa which was first derived from cervical cancer.
"In the past, the technology to check cell lines didn't exist and so you can't really blame past researchers. But today it's cheap, it's easy and the technology is widely available. There's no excuse to experiment on cells without first discovering what you're experimenting on. We've suggested that journals start requiring verification of cell lines as a prerequisite of publishing," says Andrew Bradford, PhD, CU Cancer Center investigator and associate professor in the CU School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the paper's senior author.
"In fact, the process of double-checking a cell line is the same process that Scotland Yard uses to identify murderers based on DNA evidence," says Monique Spillman, MD, PD, CU Cancer Center investigator and assistant professor in the CU School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the paper's co-first author. Here's how it works: You have a sample that you know is endometrial cells from a specific patient and you have a sample that purports to be (but may or may not be!) endometrial cells ? is there a match? If so, you've convicted the suspect cell line. If not, as the team so often found, just as DNA mismatch has exonerated death row inmates, DNA mismatch showing that a cell line doesn't match it's label can call into question perhaps decades worth of research done using the cells.
While a misidentified cell line seems likely due to a SNAFU on the part of a lab assistant with a faulty filing system, there are more ways than clerical error to end up with the wrong label on a sample of cells.
"I see two people working with different cultures in the same hood, or using the same growth medium for the same cultures with the same pipette," Korch says. "And especially HeLa is superwoman ? it can fly." HeLa cells can travel in aerosols and once they land where they shouldn't, they're so adaptive and aggressive that they tend to out compete other cell lines wherever they land ? contamination leads to a quick HeLa takeover and perhaps a vial labeled HES when in fact it's HeLa.
"If you're going to make conclusions about endometrial cancer based on a cervical cancer line, your results are going to be flawed. It's not the same genetic pathways," Spillman says.
With his tongue only somewhat in his cheek, Korch reiterates Spillman's point, saying, "If you're studying prostate cancer with a cervical cancer cell line, you're going to have problems because men with prostates don't tend to have cervixes."
The work of Korch, Bradford, Spillman and colleagues including Twila Jackson builds on earlier work at the CU Cancer Center by investigators Rebecca Schweppe and Bryan Haugen who found 50 percent misidentification or contamination in available thyroid cell lines ? for example, two were melanoma lines and another was a colon cancer line. The recent research finds the same systemic problems with cell lines of widely varying types.
"When you bring new cells into the lab, you need to work meticulously and carefully," says Korch. "You need to put them into quarantine until you know what they are."
Korch is working to put the group's data online, both allowing investigators elsewhere to compare their cell lines to the group's controls, and also to help research groups discover what, if not as labeled, some of the cell lines they tested might be. Again like criminal DNA evidence, it's all about building a database large enough to include a match.
Until then, "People really need to check their cells," says Bradford. "It's just that simple."
###
University of Colorado Denver: http://www.ucdenver.edu
Thanks to University of Colorado Denver for this article.
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At today's Windows Phone Summit, Microsoft alluded to some of the next-gen OS' enterprise features, including a trusted shared Windows core, encryption, secure boot and IT device management. Company VP Joe Belfiore recognized that some business users haven't been satisfied with the operating system's previous suite of enterprise features, and that definitely appears to be one focus of Windows Phone 8. BitLocker Drive Encryption will provide support for device security, while IT administrators will have have the ability to push apps to handsets while sidestepping the Marketplace. Office will also have a greater presence in Windows Phone 8, though we don't know exactly how that will play out just yet. Enterprise clearly hasn't been a primary target of Microsoft's mobile OS to date, but that could very well change beginning this fall.
There's also a new Company Hub feature, which will allow companies their own app distribution pipe, as well as giving IT administrators the ability to highlight specific things depending on what's important to their organization. With so many Windows machines in the workplace, it's pretty smart for Microsoft to take a serious dive into this stuff, and it's honestly really slick. There's also a Microsoft IT app, which the company claims will be provided in template form so that outfits can tweak it to fit specific needs.
To check out the latest updates from Microsoft's Windows Phone event, visit our liveblog!
MS teases Windows Phone 8 enterprise features: Company Hub, encryption, secure boot, IT management originally appeared on Engadget on Wed, 20 Jun 2012 12:43:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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WARSAW, Poland (AP) ? In the first quarterfinal at Euro 2012, Portugal beat the Czech Republic 1-0 on Thursday. Here is a running account of the action. All times are local to Poland.
___
2245: The Czech players go over to applaud their fans, who return the gesture. Michal Bilek's side can regard the tournament as a success, especially after losing its first match 4-1 to Russia. They were outplayed tonight in Warsaw by a better side, but held on until the 79th minute.
___
2240: Portugal is through to the semifinal and deservedly so. After edging the first half, they came out and dominated the second and on another day could have had four or five. Ronaldo scored the winner in the 79th minute, beating Gebre Selassie to a Moutinho cross and heading home with a brilliant bouncing header. The Real Madrid star hit the post twice and was by far the outstanding performer. He will lead his side out against the winner of Saturday's match between France and Spain.
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2234: FULL-TIME: Czech Rep. 0, Portugal 1.
___
2233: Cech comes up to attack a corner, but the delivery is poor, going nowhere near the big goalkeeper. Last chance for Czechs?
___
2229: Portugal has had 19 shots, with five on target, while the Czechs have had a miserable total of ZERO shots on target out of two overall.
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2228: Ronaldo is mobbed by teammates as he runs over toward Moutinho to celebrate. While the players were ecstatic, coach Bento just looked relieved. Four minutes plus added time for the Czech Republic, who have offered nothing going forward this half, to find a equalizer.
___
2225: Finally, after so many attempts, Ronaldo scores with a brilliant header. With the play down the right hand side, the Portugal captain lurks behind Gebre Selassie who seems unaware who's behind him. As Moutinho delivers with a neat cross, Ronaldo darts ahead of the defender and bounces a sublime header past Cech.
___
2221: GOAL! Czech Republic 0, Portugal 1 (Ronaldo).
___
2219: Paolo Bento is looking more and more agitated on the sideline as his Portugal side lets another chance slip away. Nani gets a shot in at goal this time, but a covering defender gets across and gets a foot to it. The ball deflects over for a corner, which is cleared by the Czechs.
___
2216: Ronaldo now exchanges roles with Meireles, pulling the ball back into the midfielder's path inside the penalty area, but he fires his shot high over the bar. While the Portuguese are attacking well, they have been wasteful and there are now only 17 minutes left for them to turn their domination into a goal.
___
2210: The stadium breaks out into 30 seconds of vociferous chanting of 'Polska' from the numerous local fans that are in the stadium. Many flags out tonight, including one from Bulgaria and another Colombia!
___
2208: Moutinho goes so close for Portugal. His fierce shot from 20 yards brings a spectacular fingertip save from Cech.
___
2205: While Ronaldo remains the main figure in proceedings at the National Stadium in Warsaw, Raul Meireles deserves a mention. He has orchestrated the majority of notable attacks from the center of midfield for Portugal and it has been a classy performance from the 29-year-old.
___
2203: Portugal finds the back of the net but the goal is ruled out for offside. Nani curls the ball into Almeida, who stoops and glances a header past Cech and into the back of the net. As he turns to celebrate though, he is met by the sight of the linesman with his flag up and it was the right call.
___
2158: Meireles picks out Ronaldo again with a clever ball over the top of the Czech defense. Ronaldo gets inside and ahead of Gebre Selassie, chests the ball down but slices his half volley wide. It is relentless attacking football from Portugal though in the first ten minutes of the second half.
___
2153: Ronaldo hits the post again! He stands over a free kick with his typically extravagant run up in place and unleashes a dipping drive at goal, but it bounces up against the post with Cech beaten. The Portugal captain wails in frustration and you can understand why because he has done everything but score.
___
2150: And straight away, they should be ahead. Meireles gets away down the left and sets up Almeida with a free header from a precise cross, but he flicks his header high over the bar. That is a huge waste of a simple chance from Almeida.
___
2147: The players are back out on the pitch and it is Portugal who get the game back underway.
___
2136: Portugal goes in at half time on the front foot, despite a strong start from the Czech Republic. Ronaldo has been at the center of everything for the 2004 runner up, forcing a great save from Cech when he looked destined to find the back of the net and he hit the post moments before the half time whistle. Jiracek has looked the most lively for the Czechs and forced a couple of early corners for his side, but Portugal stepped things up after the first 20 minutes.
___
2132: HALF-TIME: Czech Republic 0, Portugal 0.
__
2130: So close! Ronaldo chests the ball down, turns to lose his marker with ease ? but his shot hits the post.
___
2125: A blow for the Portuguese as Helder Postiga is forced off with a hamstring injury. Win or lose tonight, Portugal unlikely to see Postiga back in action again at this tournament.
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2122: Ronaldo goes close again and this would have been some goal. Pepe loops a ball back into the penalty area as the Czech Republic tries to clear from a corner. Ronaldo meets it with an acrobatic bicycle kick that bounces wide. Had he tried that with his weaker left foot, he would have been able to get his effort on target but taking that shot on with his right meant the angle was always against him.
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2120: simonhaydon: Howard Webb clamped down with a couple of yellows for Portugal in 2 mins. Seems to have done the trick as play has flowed since. (via Twitter).
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2112: Two yellows in quick succession for Portugal, Nani and Miguel Veloso going into the referee's book.
___
2111: Portugal goes close to opening the scoring and it's that man Ronaldo. He cuts in from the left, exchanges passes with Moutinho, and bursts into the penalty area. He shrugs off the feeble attempt at a challenge from Kadlec and launches a shot across goal, but Cech gets down quickly and makes a great save but the referee had already blown for a Ronaldo foul.
___
2104: Ronaldo could have scored an own goal there. He is back to help defend a corner and jumps in front of his goalkeeper to flick the ball clear, but it hangs awkwardly in the air for a moment before going wide of the far post and out for another corner to the Czechs.
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2059: Portugal are being watched by two of its greatest-ever strikers at the National Stadium tonight. Eusebio and Luis Figo are sitting side by side. Good to see Eusebio looking fit after a health scare a couple of months ago.
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2058: Moutinho gets a shot at Petr Cech from outside the area after working the ball into some space from a short corner. His shot is tame though and Cech gathers it with ease.
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2056: simonhaydon: I reckon Ronaldo would go nuts if you playfully ruffled his hair and spoilt his look.
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2055: Fiery reaction from Ronaldo as Portugal fails to hit on the counter with the ball running away from the captain and going out of play. Ronaldo had found plenty of space on the left and he turns to his teammates, snarling away, waving his fists in fury and drawing deafening jeers from the crowd.
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2051: It's been a battling start from the Czechs, who are enjoying all the early possession. Jiracek has had a couple of nice touches already and has looked to break forward to assist Baros at every opportunity. In the first clash between Gebre Selassie and Ronaldo, the Czech right back pokes the ball out to safety. More to come from those two tonight though, you feel.
___
2045: The match gets underway, the Czechs playing in red, the Portuguese in their white away kit.
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2042: The roof of the National Stadium is closed this evening. The weather has been unpredictable to say the least in the past 24 hours. Last night saw the most incredible thunderstorm rattle away into the early hours of the morning, accompanied by torrential rain.
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2040: Tonight's match will go to penalties if the scores are level after 90 minutes and extra time of 30 minutes. Also worth noting that Czech Republic goalkeeper Petr Cech saved a spot-kick from Ronaldo in the 2008 Champions League final penalty shoot-out in Moscow. Cech still ended up on the losing side that evening but both men will remember the penalty in question, you can be sure of that.
___
2026: The referee for the game this evening is Howard Webb, from England. Webb was the referee for the ill-tempered 2010 World Cup final between Spain and the Netherlands in South Africa.
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2023: Czech Republic captain Tomas Rosicky has failed to make the starting lineup due to an achilles tendon injury. The Arsenal playmaker has to settle for a place on the bench with Vladimir Darida taking his attacking midfield role, just behind Milan Baros. It was Daniel Kolar who replaced Rosicky in the 1-0 victory over Poland, but Kolar clearly did not do enough to cement his position in the eyes of coach Michal Bilek. Goalkeeper Petr Cech continues with the armband.
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2020: Portugal continues with its 4-3-3 formation. That means Cristiano Ronaldo is part of a three-man attack, alongside center-forward Helder Postiga and former Manchester United teammate Nani on the right. Incidentally, Ronaldo is one of five Portugese players who is a yellow card away from a one match suspension. Fabio Coentrao, Joao Pereira, Helder Postiga and Raul Meireles are the other four. Meireles also missed the Champions League final for his club Chelsea due to the same rule, so will want to be extra careful not to pick up a card tonight. The record of how many yellow cards each player has is wiped after the quarterfinals.
___
2015: For the Czech Republic, David Limbersky, Jaroslav Plasil, Petr Jiracek, Tomas Rosicky, Daniel Kolar and Tomas Pekhart are on a yellow card but only the first three of those names start tonight.
___
Lineups:
PORTUGAL: Rui Patricio, Joao Pereira, Pepe, Bruno Alves, Fabio Coentrao, Joao Moutinho, Miguel Veloso, Raul Meireles, Nani, Helder Postiga, Cristiano Ronaldo.
CZECH REPUBLIC: Petr Cech, David Limbersky, Theodor Gebre Selassie, Tomas Sivok, Michal Kadlec, Jaroslav Plasil, Vaclav Pilar, Tomas Hubschman, Petr Jiracek, Vladimir Darida, Milan Baros.
___
1938: Here at AP Sports, we've been asking who you think the star player of Euro 2012 has been so far, along with who has been the biggest flop, who will win the tournament, etc. Here are some of the responses we've had:
(at)carternacke: Best goal: Welbeck back heel. Best game (so far): England v. Sweden. Best player: Gomez. (via Twitter)
(at)D3_Falcons: All games have been great, Gomez best player, & Danny Welbeck's back heel goal vs. Sweden best goal (via Twitter)
(at)Dalilahermosa: For me so far the best player has been Steven Gerard!! (via Twitter)
(at)AJTheSportsGuy: Realistically Germany looks to be the best side in the tournament. Don't count Portugal out though. CR7 is finding his form
(at)Gozenhaard: Standout player - Zlatan. Flop - Huntelaar (via Twitter)
(at)monsieurcorway: Standout player has surely been Zlatan? 3 great performances with a poor team supporting him. (via Twitter)
___
1920: The two best Czech players in the tournament so far have been Petr Jiracek and Vaclav Pilar. They've each scored two goals and are the only players to get on the scoresheet. Jiracek's second of his Euro 2012 campaign was a clinical finish in a 1-0 win over Poland. It proved a decisive goal for both sides, as it saw the Czechs progress as group winner and co-host Poland eliminated. Pilar, who plays his club football in France for Bordeaux, is named 'the Czech Lionel Messi', and demonstrated why he has earned such a reputation with a well taken goal against Russia in its first game in Group A.
___
1915: Ronaldo, should he continue to start on the left of a three man Portugese attack, will face Theodor Gebre Selassie, the Czech Republic right back. Gebre Selassie impressed with his performances in Group A, showing composure in defense along with a keen eye to join attacks down the right. The task of dealing with Ronaldo is an unenviable one, yet the 25-year-old will surely be confident in himself after the good form he has displayed. Gebre Selassie may have to curb his attacking instinct though, or risk leaving his defense exposed to the Real Madrid man.
___
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It may be hard to believe, and it was a long time coming, but gas in California fell below $4 a gallon after three weeks of steep declines. Good news for the economy at last.
An Arco gas station worker lowers the prices on a sign at a Arco gas station in Palo Alto, Calif., Friday. Oil is climbing slightly ahead of a weekend election in Greece that could prove crucial to Europe's efforts to bolster its sagging economy.
Paul Sakuma/AP
EnlargeThe average price of a gallon of gas has fallen below the?$4-mark in California thanks to a 12.7-cent drop from the previous week, the third double-digit decline in as many weeks, the AAA Fuel Gauge Report says.
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According to the report, a gallon of gas in California cost $3.99 Monday, marking the first time since mid-February the state has seen a below-$4-per-gallon average.
It is a?bright spot for many in a state that seems to be getting nothing but bad economic news recently.
?This is good news for consumers and good news for the state,? says?H.D. Palmer,?chief spokesman for the?California State Department of Finance.??This means more money in the pockets of consumers, more?money spent on clothing and other retail items, which means more sales taxes for the state.?
The lower gas prices also bring the state added revenue in other ways. California does not have sales tax on gasoline, but has?an excise tax that is measured in the number of gallons sold, points out Mr. Palmer.
?This means that the more gas people buy because it?s cheaper, the more that excise tax will bring in,? he says. Of course, higher prices?usually dampen the volume of purchases, he adds.
Palmer is quick to point out that any boon to state coffers generated by consumer spending won?t necessarily?translate immediately into restored jobs for teachers or other public employees. ?This will fill pocketbooks and gas tanks,? he says,?but adds that how and where it will impact state expenditures is less direct.
For many consumers, however, the impact is immediate.
?Now I can breathe easy again,? says Carlos, of Carlos and Pepe Painting, as he fills his pickup truck with regular gas at $3.89 at the corner ARCO in Sherman Oaks. He says his business depends on jobs all over Southern California, and when gas prices climbed well over $4 for a month, he was having a hard time making ends meet.
?Yeah, we cut back on everything from food to movies,? he says, adding that his truck only gets about 18 miles per gallon. ?All this driving was really socking it to my pocketbook.?
Most experts expect?prices to trend downward through at least the third?quarter of this year. According to this week?s petroleum report from the US Energy Information Administration, national prices were on average $3.57 a gallon this past week, and regular gasoline is now expected to average $3.51 per gallon nationally in the third quarter, down from the $3.76 per gallon forecast in May.
Some observers suggest that while this?decline is certainly welcome news for many, the longer term trend?of rising prices is less rosy, with volatile energy prices becoming the norm.
While gas prices are part of a much larger picture, they are an important and growing one, says Prof. David Zilberman, co-author of a study on the connection between gas prices and the California?economy in connection with the Center for Energy and Environmental Economics at?the University of California at Berkeley.
He points out that, taking inflation into account, gas prices were stable for almost 30 years until the middle of the last decade,?which led many to?downplay their impact on consumers.
However, as gas prices began to spike leading up to the housing crisis,?higher?energy costs?became an often overlooked ?last straw,? and triggered a number of?bankruptcies and foreclosures, says?Professor Zilberman.
?They are an important part of the cost of living,? he says. ?When you raise?gas prices, it?s like raising taxes,? he says, adding, ?only you are paying OPEC, not the government.?
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